Balancing Upstream and Downstream Measures to Tackle the Obesity Epidemic: A Position Statement from the European Association for the Study of Obesity.

a ECOHOST – The Centre for Health and Social Change, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London , UK; b Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, and CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Navarra’s Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona , Spain; c Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent , Belgium; d Finnish Heart Association, Helsinki , Finland; e Faculty of Social Sciences (SOC) / Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere , Finland; f Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Plzeň , Czech Republic; g Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; h Obesity Research Unit, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki , Finland; i Research Group Healthy Cities, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle , The Netherlands; j Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg , Sweden